Types of Essays

As aspiring college students, high school students or even professionals, we encounter a lot of different types of writing in essay form. Some of these types of writing may feel unfamiliar to us, whereas others are patently obvious and easy to approach, yet, how can we become the best writers? How can we approach all the different types of writing and conquer all genres of writing with ease? To answer these questions effectively, let us try and understand all types of writing. Persuasive style - one is trying to persuade the audience of their opinion, backing it up. Descriptive style - using descriptive language to describe something to the audience. Expository style - attempting to inform the reader of something, explaining it to them. Narrative style - very common throughout novels. Attempting to tell a story towards an audience. These styles are important to understanding, and they will form the base of essays. But what is an essay? Whatever situation we're in, whether we are still studying at college or working professionally, we will always have to write essays in some form or types of writing. You may be familiar with different types of college essays, or maybe types of expository essays, however, to perfect the way you write you should be able to look at the definition and understand all the types of essay out there. So, what is an essay and how can we define it? Essay definition: "a piece of writing on a particular subject or topic." Now that we have mastered the essay definition, we can begin looking at all the examples of an essay to perfect our writing craft. Types of essays It's great that we looked at how to define essay writing, so now we can familiarize ourselves with all the different types of essays that exist. To perfect one's craft, one needs to know about the broad essay categories. Types of essays: argumentative essays Forming an argument and writing different types of argumentative essays is an essential skill. If you're thinking of writing one of these, the most important thing is that you research your topic thoroughly and mention a well-rounded and unbiased view - after this, one can hone in on their argument. The types of argumentative essays that never work are those that have an obnoxious one-sided view with no consideration of other points, so avoid this at all costs. Here are some of the most popular argumentative essay topics: People need to increase the age of consent in society. Creationism should be and from schools. All actors are overpaid. Being bored often leads to trouble in adolescence. Peer pressure is the cause of smoking in most cases. Expository essays It is often difficult to write an expository essay, otherwise known as the how-to essay type because the idea can often be misunderstood. Whatever types of expository essays you are thinking of writing, there is no room for personal opinion and one should always rely on evidence and facts to explain that how to process. It can be difficult to come up with topic ideas, so take note of some of the following types of expository essays that you could write: A how-to essay: writing about how one can achieve the task. Step-by-step essay: Writing for step by step guides to a process. An analysis essay: The analysis of certain objects, ideas, events et cetera. Descriptive essay: Writing that aims to describe particular ideas or events. Classification essays More often than not, one is wondering about the classification essay - what is this type of essay and how can it be written? One needs to divide and categorize ideas that serve as a basis for classifying. After this, a writer can produce a classification essay. These types of essays are important to organize effectively so that one can categorize things properly. Take note of some of the following things one could write about: Different political management options and their effectiveness. Different UN decisions and their political significances. The most popular ways to reduce stress and their effect on society. College essays With all the different genres of writing, styles of writing and course types, what can be said about college essays in general? It is true that there are many types of writing styles that vary between courses, however, all types of college essays are of a certain standard and have things in common. Take note of some of the following when you're writing your college essay: Write as if you are a mature college student. Approach planning in a professional manner. Refer to trusted and reputable sources when making arguments. Make sure that your thesis statement is on point. Use a good command to make your writing to a high standard. Types of hooks for essays Often when writing essays, one is wondering if their essay is a little mundane to start. With all the different types of essays, how can attention be grabbed at the very beginning? Fortunately, there are types of hooks for essays on whatever subject you are writing about that can serve this purpose. Take note of these types of hooks for essays and try and incorporate them at the very beginning - you'll see how much more engaging your essay will sound. Give a joke that can engage with your subject matter. Talk about an incident that creates drama around the subject. Describe the setting of your essay using engaging emotive vocabulary. Present your paper discovery in a shocking way. Provide some sort of interesting facts about the subject. Good essay topics - general examples Often we sit down to write an essay but even though we know about all the essay types that exist, we can frequently struggle to come up with good essay topics. This is nothing out of the ordinary, in fact, even a lot of college professors may struggle with this, and so if you're unsure, perhaps, these topics can point you in the right direction: About ethics, e.g. "How can one make a distinction between censorship and security regulations?" About the law, e.g. "What are the implications of changing the law after Brexit?" Controversial, e.g. "The use of the death penalty and the controversy." About current affairs, e.g. "The controversy in the Tennis Association's Davis cup." About society, e.g. "Addressing transgender rights issues in society." Types of essays - conclusion There are so many different types of essays to write and a lot of types of writing styles to master, so we hope that you have become more familiar with the essay writing craft. Even if you won't be engaging in all of the types of writing mentioned, you'll be in their letter position to come up with good essay topics and improve your writing in general.

The Oil Business in America

The Oil Business in America Free Online Research Papers Over the past few years a very big topic that has come up in the news and in a lot of conversations is Oil. The definition of Crude Oil is the mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons that is refined into diesel, gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, kerosene, and literally thousands of other products called petrochemicals. Crude oils are named according to their contents and origins, and classified according to their per unit weight (specific gravity). Heavier crudes yield more heat upon burning, but have lower API gravity and market price in comparison to light (or sweet) crudes.(business dictionary) Another definition of crude oil is a naturally-occurring substance found in certain rock formations in the earth. It is a dark, sticky liquid which, scientifically speaking, is classified as a hydrocarbon. This means, it is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen, with or without non-metallic elements such as oxygen and sulfur. Crude oil is highly flammable and can be burned to create energy. Along with its sister hydrocarbon, natural gas, derivatives from crude oil make an excellent fuel.(OPEC) Oil is the lifeblood of America’s economy. Currently, it supplies more than 40% of our total energy demands and more than 99% of the fuel we use in our cars and trucks. The Department of Energy’s Office of Fossil Energy focuses on two important concerns over oil an immediate readiness to respond to oil supply disruptions and keeping America’s oil fields producing in the future. In the event the United States is confronted with a serious disruption in oil supplies, the Strategic Petroleum Reserve can provide an emergency supply of crude oil. The oil is stockpiled in underground salt caverns along the Gulf of Mexico coastline. President Bush has ordered the Reserve to be filled to its full 700 million barrel capacity by 2005. The Department of Energy also maintains an emergency supply of heating oil for consumers in the Northeast who depend on this fuel for much of their heating needs. Two million barrels are stored in commercial terminals and can be released quickly should severe weather or other emergencies create life-threatening fuel shortages. One way to prevent an oil supply disruption is to ensure our domestic production of oil is maintained. Remaining U.S. oil fields are becoming increasingly costly to produce because much of the easy-to-find oil has already been recovered. Yet, for every barrel of oil that flows from U.S. fields, nearly two barrels remain in the ground. Better technology is needed to find and produce much of this â€Å"left-behind† oil, and DOE’s Fossil Energy program, through its National Petroleum Technology Office, is developing new exploration, drilling and production processes that can keep U.S. oil fields producing for well into the future.(USDE) That section states that even though our oil fields are being drained there is still oil in them that we cannot get too. With new inventions and new ways of drilling we will be able to get the rest of the oil that is being left in the oil fields. There is no real energy source that has affected our whole existence with such an impact that crude oil has had. Oil was formed over millions of years from dead plants and animals that lived in the oceans before the dinosaurs and some is from the dinosaurs. This is why it is called a nonrenewable resource because it takes an extremely long time to be made. So when we run through the oil that is in the ground now, we will not have any until another few millions of years from now. In every aspect of life there is a rise a peak and a fall right now we are at a peak, we will never be able to extract the same amount again. And because of this and the fall or drop when we run out we will have no cars no planes, nothing that is propelled by oil or a off product of oil. The all American alternative to oil is Hemp which can be grown on American farms. However, it was banned in the United States in 1937. â€Å"Everything now done by fossil fuels can be done cheaper and better with renewable natural resources grown on American soil by American farmers. For more than 12,000 years before it was banned in 1937, the world’s number one natural resource for food, fiber, fuel and natural oil was hemp.†(hempfarm.org)If we can grow something that is equal to oil and is all natural and reusable, why not. It comes down to politics if it is a truly equal alternative. Hemp is also known as weed, or marijuana. It can be made by boiling it until the needed nutrients are taken out. â€Å"The answer has been available for thousands of years. We can either burn clean hemp biomass fuel to boil water and make the steam that turns the turbines that give us our electricity, or we can burn oil and coal and pretend that nuclear power is Clean Energy†.â₠¬ (hempfarm.org) The only thing in question would be is making a drug legal going to make things worse or better over all. The answer we will never know unless we try it. However it should not be illegal for the farmers who are growing it for the government to sell as a natural alternative to oil. The same goes for natural gas. If we were to convert everything from oil based gas to natural gas, everything would be a whole lot better. In fact if each country had its own way of producing an equivalent resource to oil it would change the crisis we are in currently. Instead of oil ruining the world and shutting down plants it would have minimal effects on the world as a whole. And even though many politicians now are pushing to legalize hemp and put a tax on it; which in turn with the selling of that and collection of taxes from it the United States could receive billions of dollars more a year; and even with that tax hemp would still be much cheaper than oil is now and much safer for the environment. There are many different things that when the time comes we will be forced to have to use, even if there is a strong opposition to it. Another thing that is bad about oil is the danger to and the effects it has on the environment. For example the transportation of oil is very dangerous because of the high chances of an oil spill from oil tankers traveling across the oceans. There is a part of the government that was made specifically for instances like this called the EPA the Environmental Protection Agency. In the case of an oil spill the EPA seeks to prevent, prepare for, and respond to oil spills that occur in and around inland waters of the United States. EPA is the lead federal response agency for oil spills occurring in inland waters, and the U.S. Coast Guard is the lead response agency for spills in coastal waters and deepwater ports.(EPA) When countries are at war, one country may decide to dump gallons of oil into the other country’s oceans. Terrorists may cause an oil spill because they will dump oil into a country’s ocean. Many terrorists will do this because they are trying to get the country’s attention, or they are trying to make a point to a country. Seabirds are strongly affected by oil spills. A seabird may get covered in the oil. The thick black oil is too heavy for the birds to fly, so they attempt to clean themselves. The bird then eats the oil to clean its feathers and poisons itself. If workers have found sea birds that are not dead because of oil, they will take the birds to a cleaning center or captivity where they are kept in a facility because they can not live in the wild on their own. Animals that are in captivity because of an oil spill will be cleaned by professionals and volunteers. When a bird is in captivity, the oil will be flushed from its eyes, intestines, and feathers. The bird will be examined for any more injuries like broken bones, and it will take a medicine to prevent any more damage. And not just birds are affected every animal in the ocean is affected in one way or another. The future of the world still dependent on oil looks very bleak and dreary, there has got to be another way, there is other ways it just all depends on us as people to change it before it gets too bad. Research Papers on The Oil Business in AmericaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of IndiaGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Cable television in terms of its Respositioned target Market Assignment

Cable television in terms of its Respositioned target Market Demographics using the US - Assignment Example About 52.1% households in the U S earn over $50, 000 per year. This provides cable TV with a high potential of increasing its sales, market share as well as its brand awareness (US Census Bureau, 2009). There is a total of 117, 538, 000 households in the US that comprise all the racial groups (US Census Bureau, 2010). This shows there is a sizeable number of households cable television will market to in the targeted group. Census data also predicts the market has potential of growing in the coming years. Cable television targets families as it provides different channels suitable for family viewing and that will suit each member of the family. Cable television targets a wide range of individuals in all age groups, and they range from 5-60 years. The main users of cable television range from 15 to 40 years. The main target markets, therefore, include students and teenagers, professionals and business people, and seniors. The student and teenage population has an enormous desire for no n-stop entertainment, and easy access to entertainment will attract this group. The population continues to grow, and this is a crucial aspect for cable television’s customer base. ... Types of Research Needed to Reposition Cable Television Cable television is positioned at providing continuous entertainment and information at affordable prices to all its viewers. The main aim of the business is to provide services to its consumers in an effective and unique way. Cable television aims at casting channels through which individuals can access their favorite programs. This concept will enable the business to build a strong relationship with individuals who initially may not like cable television. Repositioning cable television requires extensive research. Market research has to be carried out to determine the preference of individuals and to show people the benefits of the services. This method will convince a large number of people to subscribe to cable television so they can enjoy the new services. Research has to be done regarding market needs of the target population. Rapid growth experienced in the field of information technology is the beginning of a trend towar ds an economy based on the infrastructure of cable television. Cable television should, therefore, ensure that it keeps up with the changing trends that are taking place due to changes in information technology so that it can provide up-to-date services to its customers. Methods Used to Increase Adoption Rates After identifying the target market and researching on consumer insights, cable television should develop a new overall image integrated with an awareness-building program aimed at shifting perceptions about cable television. Cable television would use two key methods to increase adoption rates of the services it offers to customers. The first method will focus on attracting new customers. This will be achieved

Online Social Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Online Social Entrepreneur - Essay Example From the essay it is clear that social enterprises are relatively different from the traditional commercial organizations in the sense that they apply business and commercial strategies for maximizing improvements in human and environmental well-being. As such, social enterprises are directed by the ultimate goal of making real change in the human life while not focusing on maximizing their own profits. There is therefore a fundamental difference between how social enterprises and commercial organizations approach the business. This discussion stresses thatmobile apps have been a new revolution in the international economy wherein small developers have been able to develop small applications fulfilling various purposes. Over the period of time, millions of applications have been developed for various platforms including Apple iOS, Google Android as well as Windows 8. These applications are sold through various business models wherein some are offered free, some are paid whereas some are hybrid in nature offering some features for free while premium features are paid in nature. This research proposal will outline as to how business models followed by mobile apps can have potential applications for the social enterprises. This paper will comprises of a literature review, research question and methodology, analysis and results, discussions and the implications and finally recommendations and conclusion will be offered.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Philosophy - Essay Example †¦ And third, there must be an agent whose activity enables the cognitive power and its object to make contact† (MacDonald, 1998). In sensory vision, this agent is most often called light, which illuminates the objects around us and make it possible for us to see them. For cognition, it is proposed that there is an intellectual light, which makes it possible for us to understand the objects that are being placed in front of us. Augustine developed this idea of Plato’s into a Christian conception by describing the source of intellectual light as Truth or God, presenting it as evidence of God’s work within our minds. This interpretation of intellectual light as Divine Illumination had significant impact on Augustine’s theories regarding the soul, including what the soul was capable of doing and how it related to the body, as well as his development of a ‘psychological model’ of the Trinity. Augustine’s teachings indicate that it is only through Divine Light that we are able to come to the universal truths of our existence. Although we are capable of communicating and sharing ideas, it is only through the activities of God within our souls that we are able to receive the true light of understanding and knowledge. â€Å"My words give the listener an idea that he can then verify for himself in light of God’s illumination. Illumination is what allows us to go from mere true belief to knowledge. Illumination provides justification† (Pasnau, 2002). As proof that God exists, Augustine used the example of a tree. â€Å"He said that we see a tree because it is there to be seen. †¦ Eternal truths are also there, they are part of an intelligible world of truth. We grasp them intuitively. †¦ He said that if the human imagination and its products reflect the changeable human mind, eternal truths reflect the existence of an eternal being† (†Å"Augustine†, n.d.). Based on Augustine’s principles, the soul is essentially that part of our

Types Of Securitization Instruments Finance Essay

Types Of Securitization Instruments Finance Essay Securitization defined as process by which loan is made into tradable security. It becomes tradable security when against it any negotiable instrument or bill of exchange is issued which is backed by the loan or receivables Securitization generally refers to the sale of assets, which generate cash flows, from the institution that owns them, to another company that has been specifically set up for the purpose, and the issuing of notes by this second company. These notes are backed by the cash flows from the original assets. The institution is called originator which issues the the same and own the assets backed by it. Another party to it is Special Purpose Vehicle which purchases the assets and that generate cash flows. The special purpose vehicle will hold the assets that are sold by originator to SPV as collateral which are later sold to investors. Structure of Securitization : The receiver of high net worth receivables sell them to specially formed company named Special Purpose Vehicle and it sells the same to other investors as sale mode transaction against the collateral of receivables. The SPV provides the security to investors in the process by issuing special note or bond or borrowing from bank as security to investor. The SPV pays the servicing fee to it and authorizes the originator to collect funds on behalf of special purpose entity which is used to pay the principal and cost of it for the funded loan. The proceeds are latter invested to earn return. The SPV is not the subsdiary of origniatory thus it is not the company whose shares are held by originator but the charitable trustee or any other than originator. To ensure the recieavles will be sufficient to repay the amount owed to investors on time, other arranegments are made to ensure sufficient liquidity in the process like Credit Enhancement or guarantee by third party or subordinated loan Rating agency often rates the note receivables or the process.The higher the rating, the higher would be funds obtainable. The SPV that generates the income through additional money earned through recieavles to originator to earn profit. SPV pays the same to originator as the fees Below is a figure which perfectly complements our summary: The originator is very important element of this process because it can be real person or legal one which basically initiates the process by sorting out the assets which are to be securitized against the same. Motives for Securitization: Advantages to issuer Funding cost: Depending upon the rating of the fund, cost of fund is charged at low. For Instance a cash flow is rated AA and second one is rated BB , the one with AA ratting will be charged lower than the latter one. Reduces  asset-liability mismatch: From the financial funding exposure point of view , securization offers great opportunity to elimate the issue of duration and pricing concerns at large.Securization offers high cost saver to issuer. For instance banks can utilize it efficiently because they have a large amounts of recievales and collaterials as securities thus they can issue securities backed by these assets and let them to be self funded asset book. Lower  capital  requirements: There are very stiff requirements of the regulatory and legal pertaining to leverage capitalization. The recieavles and assets under securization will considered earning assets and thus removing from balance sheets for accounting purpose. Profit: Given the fact that the specific business block for whose profit is not certain or not yet emerged then the assets of those can be securitized and immediate cash flow can be realized and thus locked in profit for this block results. Transfer of risk:  Securitization process makes it easy to transfer the credit, liquidity reinvestment easy to transfer to those who accept it on condition to receive profit. Off balance sheet: Securitization as implied by derivates which are referred as off balance sheet items which classifiy the same as zero sum impact on balance sheet. There is general requirement internationally that records the derivatives at fair value in the financial statements i.e Balance sheet. Earnings: Securitization makes the oringinator capable to bounce back without addition to the firm whereas the true sale takes place between the orginiatory and special purpose entity.It is to highlight that the earnings of the SPV increase the wealth with parent company. Admissibility of bad debt: Future cash flows may not result in perfect recovery because there is also some bad debt in the receivables. Securitization thus makes it possible to get the immediately cash against those too in advance. Liquidity: Securitization simply provides you the future cash flow now thus increasing the liquidity with the company.Thus it will be available with the company to spend and make investment from the same amount thereby increasing the reinvestment return Disadvantages to issuer May reduce portfolio quality: If the AAA risks, for example, are being securitized out, this would leave a materially worse quality of residual risk. Costs:There are costs involved in the securization process raning from legal fees, system cot, rating cost, underwriting fees and administrative cost. Size limitations: It involves huge amount of funds to structure the same to be efficient if otherwise the funds are less then the process with lesser funds. Risks: It is structured transaction thus it is vulnerable to risks such as prepayment, credit loss and reinvestment Advantages to investors A chance to earn higher rate of return It usually involves high quality assets back because there are very stiff requirements for securitization process, such as attaining high ratings, maintaining liquidity and diversified portfolio. Portfolio  diversification: It is worth narrating here that large institutional investors and corporate investors tend to invest in the securitized funds because returns from their this investment is not related to their equity or bond side investment due to un-correlation between the investment portfolio in the market. Isolation of credit risk from the parent entity: Securitization process desegregate the parent and SPV rating. Regardless the companys rating; SPV may be issued separate rating. Suppose the banks rating is not good but the portfolio of borrower of bank is of high quality thus there are less chances of default of the same and investors in securitized asset are more willing to have them in their portfolio. Risks to investors Liquidity risk(Credit/default) Defualt risk meant inability of borrower to repay the principal and interest payment on due period of time. An indicator of securitys high risk is its credit rating or credit worthiness. High risky portfolio of borrowers receives lower ratting then those of ones with less risky portfolio. Prepayment/reinvestment/early amortization: The securitized assets are always prone to early amortization and reinvestment risk. These risks arises out of huge payouts of the borrowers thus causing premature confession of liability and affecting the rate of return. This also affects the gap between the spread that bank pays and collects from borrowers and investors respectively. Contractual agreements: It is generally perceived that the manager who deals with investors and quote the rate which is solely dependent upon the performance of the underlying asset. Now question arises if the underlying assets become risky from the investors perspective i.e default ratio or high bad debt ratio then the price of portfolio. Types of Securitization Instruments Pass Through Securities: PTS is also called Participation Certificate because it bears ownership of the investors in the underlying asset. The amount received on account of the period payments including principal and interest payment which is collected by SPV and is passed on to the investors. Tranched Securities: In this type of security, the amount received as cash flows in tranches and the same is received as first priority with subsequent payments in latter tranches. Planned Amortization (PAC) Tranches: It is a type of security in which sinking fund is created which controls the prepayments that are beyond the limit thus ensures the stability of cash flows. This offers lower yields while comparing them with those without sinking fund. Z-Tranches or Accretion Bonds: In this type of security, interest payment is not paid in the period in which accrued interest is higher in lock out period. Once the period is over, it starts paying out the interest payments and principal. Principal Only (PO) Securities: These type of securities are issued on discount such as T-Bills. Thereof investors receive their principal in installments. The bonds are issued at huge discount rate and thus remaining amount is paid till the differential payment is made till the face value. Interest Only (IO) Securities: These type of securities have no any specific face value thus they offer only interest components to the investors while cash flows diminishes and is repaid. Floater and Inverse Floater Securities: They are securities which pay interest payments which is dependent upon the performance of any index or benchmark i.e Kibor. Floater and Inverse floater are two opposite type of securities. In Floater, the interest payment moves in exactly the same direction as benchmark rate moves and opposite is true for Inverse Floater securities. Types of Securitization Structures There are several types of Securitization structures: type of securitization structures include: Cash vs. Synthetic Structures: Cash structure is the worlds most followed structure in this field of specialization. In cash Structure, originator sell its assets in exchange of cash immediately. In Synthetic structure, the originator keeps the title with itself and investment is unaffected on the assets. In simple words, he does not put their assets on sale rather the risk/reward is merely transferred being derivative transaction. True sale and Secured Loan Structure: In true sale structure, originator sale the assets in true sprit which involve transfer of title and legal interest in the assets. In SLS, issuer takes the secured lending as loan. Fixed and floating charges are issued to investors to protect their stake and rights over the undertaking of issuer and trustee is empowered to take the possession of assets. Pass Through vs. Collateral Structure: The SPV issues participation certificates to investors that represent the direct participation of them thus they are exposed to performance of assets. Investors receive return when there is any cash generation from those assets and so is true for risk involved in these assets.To mitigate the risk of delay payment credit enhancement is opted. Pay through/Collateralized mortagge obligation(CMO) is another name of collateral structure in which SPV keeps the assets with it whereas charge is given to investors only not the assets. The special purpose entity issues the debt against those assets which are transferred by issuer. Discreet Trust vs. Master Trust: It is a type of structure in which Special purpose vehicle identifies a specificil pool of assets for investors to participates and thereby earn from cash flow pool thus it is called discreet. While Master trust is creation of larger fund backed by many pools which are transferred for several investors in which funds raised are not greater than the assets transferred this also covers the repayemtn structural and tenure issue to reciprocate. Conduit vs. Standalone Transactions: In this type of structure the purchaser or originator collects the assets from different orignators and keeping them backed to debt he issues commericial paper. It is for short term duration and thus it requires short term financing frm the banks. In stand alone strucute, the conduit sources the assets from single originator thus securities are issued keeping in view the maturity of asset pool. ISLAMIC SECURITIZATION Islamic securitization can best be defined as process which satisfy the conventional asset backed securitization and parallel adherence to Islamic laws of economic finance.The rights of cash flows are transferred to SPV from originator thereby issue notes to investors as sold. In this system, SPV becomes the trust and thus holds the assets in capacity of fund manager. The security issued through Islamic securitization is called Sukuk in official terms which is issued by SPV and the income is derived from the funds being received against the funds hold as underlying asset. Islamic finance encourages dealing in assets not the cash as commodity, therefore it is permissible under Islamic finance to securitize the assets provided they adhere to the guidelines of Islamic Finance. The theme is that Islamic securitization can replicate the process of conventional securitization with joint supervision of Shariha and Fund manager.If any thing which is not in compliance to Islamic law then regardless if the process is crystal clear, the securitization stands null and void in the eyes of Shariha. For example, if underlying assets are credit cards and conventional mortgages and income from them will be shared with investors soon shall it realized, the process is null as credit cards income do not comply with Shariha because it has interest bearing instruments attached with it. If investors are investing in assets then the ownership of the same be transferred to them too if it has to comply with Shariha guidelines.It must be noted that transfer of title to assets is not necessary or compulsory but the rights to collect them, access them and right to know them is given to investors that justifies the shariha rules. Investors are supposed to bear risk of loss and profit to underlying asset as they are enterning into ownership contract. Adapting the Principles of Islamic Finance to Securitization Islamic securitization requires two stage evaluation.Firstly Shariha compliance of assets/portfolio and returns from the same, secondly the structure of transaction which includes credit enhancement and liquidity management. The first standing principle is simple Islamic securitization in no way accepts the income that involves interest bearing. It has to be structured in such a way that the investors are exposed to some sort of business risk in relation to their share in investment. Therefore it is made compulsory for the investors that the return must be commensurate to the risk they bear. Islam disallow debt trading, management of prepayment risk and other conventional tools which can cause customers who are income only-centered not to invest with them. Shariha requires procedural and objective evaluation of securitization process to carry on process and prohibits elements of gharar, interest, haram and encourages real economic participation with mutual risk sharing, profit sharing and benefit of entire society. Securitiziation has to adhere to following princples of Islam to be shariha compliant: The purpose of raising funds through securitization must be genuine as not to defraud the investors. And the assets which are under lying in the process must be clearly identifiable and revenue from them must be separable from those which are not under umbrella of securitization. The assets under consideration must not be consumable. Each investor must receiver their share commensurate to their share of investment and risk exposure in the assets. Therefore if assets earn profit, that is sharable other wise you can not fix the rate of return on their investment. The security must not be backed bu the debt or prohibited activity as prohibited by Shariha. It must not be involved in any kind of haram, unethical or exploitation of natural resources with or without non-productive investment The transaction must involve the risk factor and not just the mere return. It must involve compensation for the investor and exposure to risk in the assets under securitization.It must not hold debt as underling security and mere exchange of money and interest on that. It means transaction must not be mere debt and risk free exchange of return. Investors must hold unsecured payment obligation and that be unconditional investment. The principal cannot be guaranteed that the same will be redeemed in full or in part. Investors must be given hand in the ownership of underlying assets The proceeds from investors can not be invested in cash based instruments or interest bearing notes. Without any exception, even the return from that can not be reinvested in any short term cash based instruments or interest based debts(bonds). The turnover must be kept low to avoid any un-utilization of assets.Speculation of underlying assets and payment obligation is to be prohibited without any exception. Islamic takaful should be sought instead of conventional insurance for the credit enhancemenet and liquidity management. There must be Transfer of ownership and direct participation in the assets Exclusive linkage between the cash flows and underlying asset has to be developed. Islamic scholars are of view that credit enhancement be allowed on condition that does not change the over all structure of securitization process. In conventional securitization there is tranche subordination which is not allowed in Islamic law but there is option in Islamic Law the lease-buyback(Ijaraha) transaction. The issuer gives partial ownership rights of underlying assets to investors with respect to risk exposure of their investment in the portfolio thereby leasing back the same in exchange for fixed rental payments which is conditional on repurchasing the portfolio at already specified price on future date. This covers the reinvestment risk of the portfolio. Islamic finance ruled out that interest bear financing instruments are allowed on the basis of partnership not on interest bassis. The point is to refute the concept of interest in all the ways. It is creation of sukuk which shows evidence of ownership on assets i.e tangible and intangilble, fixed or revolving what ever they be but must be productive cash flows within finite period of time. Structure of Islamic Securitization There are following parties involved in the Islamic securitization transaction process. The Originator: It is the issuer of sukuk and is authorized to use the funds against selling of assets to SPV. It may delegate any other institutuons to carry on the issue as under writer. SPV: It is referred as Issuer of the securitization issue. It is entitity established to manage issue and purchases the assets from originator from the funds thereby issuing sukuk. Investment banks: They are agents and underwriters of the sukuk. They manage to raise funds on commission only base. Subscribers of Sukuk : They can be like any thing for instance banks, non financial institutions who basically invests in the sukuk. In its basic concept, originators would sell existing or future revenues from lease receivables (asset-based), sale-back profit (debt-based) or private equity from a portfolio of Islamically acceptable assets to a special purpose vehicle (SPV),30 which refinances itself by issuing unsecured securities to market investors, who are the capital market corollary to a singular lender in Islamic finance (see Figure 3). They assume the role of a collective financier whose entrepreneurial investment does not involve guaranteed, interest-based earnings. If we look at the structure of both conventional and Islamic securitization there it can be depicted there exists no any difference from structural point of view involving parties to it. Originator sells the assets (existing or future ) from a portfolio of Islamically aacceptable assets to SPV, which then refinance itself by issuing securities to investors that are unsecured by nature. The proceeds are then passed on to originator. Like in Ijara sukuk, SPV raises funds to purchase the assets and the same must be equal to purchase price. Investors have equity interest in the SPV in Ijaraha sukuk structure in other words they have direct ownership in the assets. The SPV thereafter leases back to originator. SPV must match the payments with its obligation under Ijarah sukuk and it receives lease payments from seller. Upon maturity, special purpose entitity redeems the assets to originator and liabilities are deducted at source because they are owned by SPV.If any portion of income earne d is categorized as haram or unethical then the same be given in charity without any objection to it. Figure Process of Islamic securitization: Following figure depicts the process of Islamic securitization based on Ijaraha: Islamic securitization will best be categorized as monetization of assets underlying in the securitization process where as conventional counter parts best be defined as mere sale of debts. The process of issuing sukuk is kind of sale of share in assets. Islamic alternative offers almost the same benefits as conventional ones have to offer for instance enhanced asset liability management, term structure transformation, better management and control over assets.

Electrolysis :: Papers

Electrolysis How is the amount of copper deposited affected by the voltage? Aim The aim of this experiment is to find out what effect the change in voltage has upon the amount of copper deposited in 5 minutes. The voltages I will be using are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12volts; I will use these voltages because they are the only ones available on the power pack. I am doing the experiment for 5 minutes because it is enough time to get a result and it is short enough for doing 6 voltages in one lesson. I will repeat this on another lesson to gain 2 sets of results. Prediction I predict that 12v will produce the most copper because there is more energy being transferred into the copper ions making the move quicker. Fair testing To make this experiment fair I will; use the same amount of copper chloride (30ml) for each test, use the same graphite rods and sand them down to the same weight each time, do the experiment for the same length of time (5 mins). Apparatus * Power pack * 50ml beaker * 2 wires (with crocodile clips) * 2 graphite rods * Plastic rod holder * Sand paper * Copper chloride * Stop watch * Filter paper (to filter and deposited copper in the solution) * Funnel (to hold filter paper) * Weighing scales (electronic for more accuracy) [IMAGE] Method First I will plug in the power pack and the scales, pour 30ml of copper chloride into a beaker, sand a graphite rod, weigh it, record its weight and clip the negative wire to it (this rod is going to collect the copper because it is negative and the positive ions of the copper will be attracted to it), the other rod will have the positive